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Spinal Cord Stimulator (SCS) or Dorsal Column Stimulator (DCS) is an implantable medical device used to treat chronic pain of neurologic origin. An electric impulse generated by the device near the dorsal surface of the spinal cord provides a paresthesia ("tingling") sensation that alters the perception of pain by the patient. A pain medicine specialist or a surgeon introduces the spinal cord stimulator lead into the epidural space either by percutaneous approach or by surgical laminectomy or laminotomy. A pulse generator or RF receiver is implanted in the abdomen or buttocks. A wire harness connects the lead to the pulse generator.

Spinal cord stimulator leads in thoracic spine

History

Application of electrical current to the dorsal surface of the spinal cord was found to produce a state of analgesia.[Martini E, Gualtierotti T, Marzorati A: Ruckenmarkelektronarkoze (R.E.N.).Pflueger's Arch 1943; 246:585-96. First report of a spinal cord stimulator implantation was in 1967 by Shealy.^[1] The analgesic effect of spinal epidural stimulation in man was first reported by Shimoji et al in1971.[Shimoji K, Higashi H, Kano T, Asai S, Morioka T:Electrical management of intractable pain. Masui 1971;20:444-7.] Studies since then have demonstrated efficacy of SCS in relieving select chronic pain disorders including failed back syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome and peripheral neuropathy.

Randomized controlled trials have shown efficacy of spinal cord stimulator in failed back syndrome.^[2]

Surgical Procedure

Complications are generally related to the surgical procedure and can include lead migration, infection, epidural hematoma, paralysis, dural tap, and in extremely rare cases, death. The possibility of lead migration is lessened when placed by laminectomy.^[3]

A trial is usually done before the permanent unit is placed. A temporary percutaneous lead is used and is connected to an external pulse generator. The trial is from 3 to 7 days. If the patient has at least 50% improvement in pain during the trial, the patient is considered a candidate for the permanent unit.

Cautions

Patients with SCS units are not able to have MRI procedures due to heating of the implanted electrodes, which can cause spinal cord damage. Other medical scans such as ultrasound, CT and plain x-ray can be performed.

People with SCS should avoid areas or tasks near strong electromagnetic interference such as electricity substations and arc welding.

Types of Equipment

There are three types of SCS units:

• Conventional Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG) consists of a battery and control electronics. When the battery wears out, it is surgically replaced.
• Rechargeable Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG) consists of a rechargeable battery and control electronics. The battery is recharged by an external device worn for a few hours every two to three weeks.
• Radio Frequency (RF) device consists of an implanted receiver and a transmitter device worn like a cell phone. The transmitter sends RF energy to the receiver which in turn sends stimulation to the lead. RF units have traditionally been used for patients that require high-power settings that would quickly deplete a primary-cell IPG (conventional IPG).

The patient is provided a remote control to turn on and off the stimulator, and depending on the device and the surgeon's preference, allows for limited programming of the stimulation patterns. The surgeon has a programming device that provides a wide range of stimulation settings.

Current and Voltage Configuration

SCS comes in constant current, variable voltage (Boston Scientific and ANS) or constant voltage, variable current (Medtronic). A distinction is also made with respect to the number of independent power sources incorporated within the device. The are single source devices and multiple-source devices. Medtronic manufactures single-source voltage-controlled systems, ANS manufactures single-source current-controlled systems, and Boston Scientific manufactures 16-source current-controlled systems. The manufacturers disagree over the relative efficacy of their respective current and voltage configurations.

Proposed mechanisms of action

Among the proposed mechanism of action of SCS in pain relief include ^[4]

• "closing of the gate" by the antidromic activation of large-diameter afferent fibers (see gate-control theory of pain)
• activation of supraspinal loops relayed by the brain stem or thalamocortical systems providing both ascending and descending inhibition
• activation of anterior pretectal nucleus which has descending pain inhibitory influces on lower segments
• suppression of wide-dynamic-range (WDR) neurons responsive to sensory input
• antidromic release of neuropeptides (substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, others) in the periphery which may be related to the modulation of small vessel diameter.

Other Uses

SCS units have been used to treat patients with frequent migraines. The leads are implanted in the bilateral suboccipital region.^[5]

Celebrities using spinal cord stimulators

• Jerry Lewis has a spinal cord stimulator for his intractable low back pain and is a spokesperson for Medtronic.^[6]
• Michael Roman, a chronic pain sufferer who had his leg amputated due to an infection, is now restarting his career as a professional race car driver. Roman was implanted with the Precision system, and his racing team is sponsored by Boston Scientific.
• Victor Riley, Recently Victor Riley has had the spinal cord stimlator installed to relive his lower back pain. Victor Riley is a former president of Key Bank, and sits on many community boards in Cody Wyoming. He is well known by bankers and was featured in Forbes magazine.

See also

• Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator

References

1. ^ Shealy CN, Mortimer JT, Reswick, JB (1967). "Electrical Inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: Preliminary Clinical Report". Anesth Analg 46: 489–91. doi:10.1213/00000539-196707000-00025. PMID 4952225. 
2. ^ North RB, Ewend MG, Lawton MT, Kidd DH, Piantadosi S (1991). "Failed back surgery syndrome: 5-year follow-up after spinal cord stimulator implantation". Neurosurgery 28 (5): 692–9. PMID 1831547. 
3. ^ Villavicencio AT, Leveque JC, Rubin L, Bulsara K, Gorecki JP (2000). "Laminectomy versus percutaneous electrode placement for spinal cord stimulation". Neurosurgery 46 (2): 399–405; discussion 405–6. doi:10.1097/00006123-200002000-00025. PMID 10690729. 
4. ^ Oakley JC, Prager JP (2002). "Spinal cord stimulation: mechanisms of action". Spine 27: 2574–83. doi:10.1097/00007632-200211150-00034. PMID 12435996. 
5. ^ Matharu MS, Bartsch T, Ward N, Frackowiak RS, Weiner R, Goadsby PJ (2004). "Central neuromodulation in chronic migraine patients with suboccipital stimulators: a PET study". Brain 127 (Pt 1): 220–30. doi:10.1093/brain/awh022. PMID 14607792. 
6. ^ Jerry Lewis: "My Journey Through Pain"

Martini E, Gualtierotti T, Marzorati A (1943)."Die Ruckenmarkelektronarkose (R.E.N.)". Pflueger's Arch 246:585-96.

Shimoji K, Higashi H, Kano T, Asai S, Morioka T (1971). "Elecrical management of intractable pain". Masui 20:444-7.

Additional references

• Mailis-Gagnon A, Furlan AD, Sandoval JA, Taylor R (2004). "Spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD003783. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003783.pub2. PMID 15266501. 

• North RB, Kidd DH, Farrokhi F, Piantadosi SA (2005). "Spinal cord stimulation versus repeated lumbosacral spine surgery for chronic pain: a randomized, controlled trial". Neurosurgery 56 (1): 98–106; discussion 106–7. PMID 15617591. 

External links

Communities/Information

• Race Against Pain, a chronic pain support website
• Power Over Your Pain, another chronic pain information site for patients

Manufacturer Websites

• Boston Scientific, a manufacturer
• Medtronic, a manufacturer
• St. Jude Neuromodulation, a manufacturer

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