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Yang Hu
Traditional Chinese:	羊祜
Simplified Chinese:	羊祜
Transliterations

Yang Hu (221-278), courtesy name Shuzi (叔子), was a Jin Dynasty (265-420) general whose great advocacy for plans to conquer the Eastern Wu finally persuaded Emperor Wu to carry them out, but he would not live to see the plans implemented. He was known for his humility and foresight.

Both Yang Hu's grandfather Yang Xu (羊續) and father Yang Chai (羊茝) were commandery governors, and his mother was a daughter of the well-known Han Dynasty historian and musician Cai Yong. His sister Yang Huiyu was Sima Shi's third wife, subsequently honored as an Empress Dowager after Emperor Wu established Jin Dynasty in 265.

Yang Hu lost his father at age 11. He was raised by his uncle Yang Chen (羊耽) and served his uncle filially. As he grew in age, he became known for his intelligence, knowledge, and physical beauty. The general Xiahou Wei (夏侯威) became impressed with him and married his niece (Xiahou Ba's daughter) to Yang. After his father-in-law defected to Shu Han in 249 in light of Sima Yi's coup against Cao Shuang, Yang was one of the few who were related by marriage who still dared to associate with the Xiahou clan. He served as a low level official during the reigns of Cao Wei's emperors Cao Mao and Cao Huan. Because he warned Sima Zhao about Zhong Hui's intentions, Sima trusted his judgment greatly after Zhong rebelled (as he predicted) in 264, and he served as an executive secretary for Sima.

After Sima Zhao's death in 265, his son Sima Yan succeeded him, and later that year forced Cao Huan to abdicate to him, ending Cao Wei and establishing Jin (as Emperor Wu). Emperor Wu wanted to create Yang a duke, but Yang declined.

Throughout the early part of Emperor Wu's reign, Yang was one of the few key officials who strenuously advocated for a plan to conquer the rival Eastern Wu. Emperor Wu, who liked the strategies that Yang submitted, had him become in charge of the western border with Eastern Wu and stationed at Xiangyang (襄陽, in modern Xiangfan, Hubei). In 272, Yang participated in a failed mission to rescue the Eastern Wu defector Bu Chan (步闡) from Xiling (西陵, in modern Yichang, Hubei), and was temporarily demoted but was soon restored to his rank. After that defeat he set up a détente with the Eastern Wu general Lu Kang and treated the Eastern Wu border residents with kindness, with intent to win their hearts. The strategy worked, and while Lu tried to counter it by reciprocating, after Lu's death in 274 the Eastern Wu border residents became more and more impressed with Jin in light of Yang's kindness.

By 277, Yang was ill, with plans of conquest that he submitted having been approved by Emperor Wu but not quite at implementation. He carried out one last act that was helpful to the empire -- recommending the capable Du Yu to succeed him, and Du would eventually be a major part of the success against Eastern Wu. He died in 278. The people of Xiangyang built a monument for Yang on Mount Xian (峴山), and ever after Yang's death, visitors to the monument often wept at the monument in memory of his benevolent governance, and so the monument became known as the "Monument of Tears" (墮淚碑). After Jin conquered Eastern Wu in 280, Emperor Wu had the declaration of victory read at Yang's shrine, and created his wife Lady Xiahou a lady over 5,000 households in appreciation.

See also

• Three Kingdoms
• Personages of the Three Kingdoms
• Records of Three Kingdoms
• Romance of the Three Kingdoms

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